Treprostanil, a synthetic analog of prostacyclin (PGI2),
Similarly, in the SCOT study, in which 100% and 95% of the patients randomized to HSCT and CYC, respectively, had ILD, fewer patients randomized to HSCT experienced respiratory failure in the HSCT arm (N = 5) compared with the CYC arm (N = 13) at 1 year [17]. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor, nintedanib, was recently found to slow the rate of progression of ILD in the largest RCT (SENSCIS) ever conducted in SSc (N = 576) [25]. In this study, patients were randomized to 12 months of nintedanib versus 12 months of placebo, and the entry criteria permitted patients to continue treatment with MMF if they were taking a stable dose of MMF for at least 6 months prior to screening. Approximately half of all patients in each study arm were taking MMF at baseline. The rate of decline of FVC (mL/year) was greatest in the placebo arm not on background MMF at baseline (−119.3), and lowest in the nintedanib arm taking MMF at baseline (−40.2), and similar in the nintedanib alone arm (−63.9) and placebo arm on background MMF at baseline (−66.5).
In contrast with MMF and CYC [12,41], treatment with nintedanib did not lead to an improvement in self-reported dyspnea as measured by the St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), nor mRSS [25]. It is unclear why patients randomized to nintedanib did not experience an improvement in the SGRQ relative to placebo; however, it may be because responses to this questionnaire are influenced by extra-pulmonary manifestations of SSc not targeted by nintedanib (e.g. In terms of safety, patients on combination therapy (MMF + nintedanib) appeared to have a similar adverse event profile compared with patients on nintedanib alone; however, the majority of patients on nintedanib (76%) reported diarrhea (compared with 32% in the placebo arm), and this should be taken into consideration, particularly when treating patients who have co-morbid SSc-related lower gastrointestinal tract involvement. Although it is difficult to draw meaningful conclusions about the benefits of upfront combination therapy (MMF + nintedanib) for SSc-ILD since patients were not randomized to MMF in the SENSCIS trial, the results support the hypothesis that using nintedanib as add-on therapy to MMF may be advantageous from a lung function standpoint. has also been studied as a therapy
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for patients with SSc-associated Raynaud’s and/or digital
Eighty-three patients with a total of 192 digital ulcers were included in the intention-to-treat analysis (89 in the sildenafil group, 103 in the placebo group), however the primary endpoint was not reached. In order to expand therapeutic options for the treatment of SSc-related RP attacks, tadalafil was studied in a prospective double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. Patients were randomized to receive a fixed dose of tadalafil at 20 mg daily or placebo for a 4 week period, and the RP condition score, frequency of RP episodes, and duration of RP episodes between treatment groups was compared. While tadalafil was well-tolerated, there was no significant difference in treatment response between the tadalafil arm and the placebo arm [52]. However, a subsequent study examined the benefits of tadalafil as an add-on therapy for the healing and prevention of digital ulcers.
This double-blind, randomized, cross-over trial evaluated the efficacy of tadalafil as add-on therapy in patients with treatment-resistant RP. Patients with SSc and MCTD who were on vasodilators, but still having 4 or more episodes of RP attacks per week were included and randomized to receive either tadalafil 20 mg per day or placebo. Significant improvements from baseline were observed in several outcome measures during tadalafil therapy compared to placebo, including mean daily frequency of RP episodes, mean daily duration of RP, and mean daily RP condition score. In the tadalafil group, all 24 digital lesions healed compared to only 3 of 13 in the placebo group, and only one new ulcer was reported during tadalafil therapy compared to 13 in patients on placebo therapy [53]. Collectively, these data suggest that phosphodiesterase-inhibitors play an important role in the healing and prevention of digital ulcers in SSc-related RP. ulcers, in both oral and topical formulations.